Automobiles: Symbol of Status Essay

As I roamed around the campus and interviewed people, asking questions with regard to automobiles, I realized that people from UP Baguio perceive things differently and diversely. Of all the answers that I gathered from different sectors of UP Baguio, from the students, faculties and even staffs this statement was the most strucking for me. One of our sanitary janitors told me † Alam mo, ang tao nahahati lang naman yan sa dalawa e. Yung mga taong meron at yung mga taong wala- yung mga taong may kotse at yung mga taong wala nito. At kung tatanungin mo ako kung importante ang pagkakaroon ng lugan (kotse), ang sagot ko ay oo, dahil kung may kotse ka ibig sabihin nun angat ka at nakalampas ka na sa pagiging mahirap.† Overview: Cars as status symbol before and now. From earliest times, people have felt a need to set themselves apart from others in the society in which they live. As Weber would put, it is status that sets as from others and thus it is through evaluation of other people where we can find our place in the society. By this, often this competitive desire takes the shape of acquiring material items to symbolize one’s uniqueness. These â€Å"status symbols† can come in many shapes and sizes. This paper primarily would talk about automobiles (particularly cars) as a mark of distinction and as a status symbol. Since cars have long been another common status symbol. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the automobile has been one of the most powerful and pervasive status symbols (Brown, 1998). This paper aims to answer two things 1.) Can cars be considered as a status symbol in the UPB community? 2.) How does one define and associate cars into ones status? Randomly, I interviewed different people in the academe; it may be a student, teachers and staffs. I decided not to limit myself into just one sector of the university for this can result to hasty generalizations. I have interviewed them in a manner by which I can get their idea with regard to their view of considering cars as status symbol and how it is reflective with their classes in the society. En masse the students, teachers and staffs of UPB community considered cars as a status symbol. Surprisingly, the general idea behind cars as status symbol comes from varied point of views of all the individuals within the different academe of the UPB community. Generally, having an automobile is a symbol of one’s success in the UPB community. More definitively, it is a two way perception of owning a car. The intention of the consumer owning a car, to show a distinction and power, and the counteraction of the community involved of one individual owning a car. During the interview, there are different views and perspectives with regard on the association of a car into his/ her status. Generally, the data I gathered boils down into one answer. Their answer â€Å"it depends on what car.† In a nutshell the people I’ve talked to considerer the model of the car in defining their status. One would say that † e kung ang kotse ko e ung mga parang fx lang na mga taxi†¦instead na iangat nya ako, pinapababa niya ang status ko.† Through this statement instead of a car being a status symbol for those who have, it became a status symbol for the have-nots. In another statement, â€Å"ako kung bibili ako ng kotse, gusto ko yung magiging pogi ako pag nakasakay ako dun†¦kahit mahirap lang ako..igagapang kong magkaroon ng magarang sasakyan.† This assertion is a manifestation of spending of money for and the acquiring of luxury goods and services to publicly display economic power thus a conspicuous consumer for that matter. In today’s car market, the options of status cars are seemingly endless. The choices are vast, going from a foreign sports car to an American SUV. The SUV has been described as â€Å"the most ostentatious popular product of car culture† (Morewood,2007). The size of the SUV alone makes it a very visible status symbol. Through this, there are many ways to associate cars into ones status. It may depend on the car’, its brand, performance and its seating capacity too. The lesser the passenger, the more classy your car is. With regard to class, according to the simple interviews it came out the even those people who perceived themselves as lower class find it needy to have a car, not because they want it for display but rather for its function for transport. As to the middle class, as we can see there are different tact on how they view a car, some want it for public display, some find it as something that accentuates their physical aspect or â€Å"pampapogi.† As put forward by Sernau (2011: 103) citing Weber (n.d), we can speak of class when 1.) a number of people have in common a specific causal component of their life chances, insofar as, (2) this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income and (3) is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor markets. In conclusion, as seen in this simple study, there are many different ways on how a car can be presented by different people and this is not only through the economic aspect but also on the power play of the individuals of those who owns and at the same time the one who view it. Divisions based on these status may depend on his/ her opportunities and life chances and how it is depicted by the society. In this relation, using cars as something that marks distinction through its model, brand, effect on people, prestige etc can be reflective on how people will evaluate us in terms of set of ideals and values.

Duncan’s room

There's no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. † (2. 1. 23). Macbeth's brain is so overloaded or agitated, about the murder that It projects a symbol of murder, the bloody dagger. After killing Duncan, Shakespeare uses the blood symbol to express Macbeth's fear and guilt over his crime. Macbeth says, â€Å"What hands are here! Hal they pluck out mine eyes† (2. 1. 24). Macbeth says that the sight of the blood or even the idea is so awful it figuratively hurts his eyes, indicating the extent of his stonishment.Macbeth not only is horrified by the murder, but also feels extreme guilt After the killing of King Duncan. â€Å"this Is a sorry sight† (2. 2. 18), proclaimed Macbeth looking at his bloody hands movements after the murder. Maybe Shakespeare is trying to show us that Macbeth has a little sympathy for his wrong doing; however, Lady Macbeth seems to think that's a foolish thing to say. Later that evening lady Macbeth notices a spot on her hand. â€Å"Out, damned spot! , I say! † (5. 5. 29-31). This bloody spot will not come out. Is this a sign of guilt or perhapsShakespeare Is hinting she wont get away with what she did. â€Å"It will have blood, they say, Blood will have blood† (3. 3. 5-39). This meaning whoever is involved In these crimes will someday become victims of them or maybe â€Å"a little water clears us of these deeds† (22. 64) Lady Macbeth thinks this as she washes her hands with water. As seen in the quote, blood symbolism serves as a continuous indicator of characters Sleep is another one of the many symbols used. Sleep is something that is meant to be peaceful and innocent, â€Å"sleep signifies the nature and essence for a person Bernard).In this play it symbolizes death and culpability. It became something people feared rather enjoyed. Some didn't feel safe because they felt like they might be next person to die. â€Å"Me thought I heard a voice crying sleep no mor e! † (2. 2 34-50). Macbeth has killed someone in their sleep but now he cannot sleep. He killed a blameless man and now it's coming back. â€Å"Sleep has now become a torture of the mind rather than to lie in restless ecstasy' (Barnard). It was said before sleep is a representation of innocence; so now that virtuousness has been murdered.He will o longer be able to sleep because of this fault he holds. â€Å"Shakespeare allows Lady Macbeth and Macbeth to commit these crimes but punishes them by not allowing them to rest† (Bernard). They will never be able to turn back. â€Å"done cannot be undone† (5. 1. 30-45). Lady Macbeth states later that once something had been done, you can't go back and reverse it. So even if Macbeth is starting to fell contrite for what he had done it is too late. Shakespeare continues to use the symbols of sleep and sleep withdrawal in his play to express pain and repentance. Both Lady Macbeth andMacbeth experience unfruitful nights. Th e sleep walking scene is a perfectly logical outcome of these feelings. Lady Macbeth was seen sleep walking while talking about the murder. â€Å"Shakespeare is expressing the importance of sleep by using sleep deprivation as a sign of remorse† (Bernard). Her talking in her sleep showed that she felt guilty. Shakespeare also uses the Banquds murderers to warn him of what will happen to him if he continued to go through with the prophecy. â€Å"It will drain him dry as hay; sleep neither night not day hang upon his pent house lid he shall live a man f forbid† (3. 1-20). This is another example of Shakespeare warning Macbeth that his wrong doings will come with no reward. Through the play Shakespeare brilliantly plays around with sleep by using it in ways that are obvious and hidden. He makes the audience think their own definitions of sleep. It makes someone believe that although sleep is precious, it is one thing that only comes easily to people with clear conscience. In Macbeth case, he cannot sleep until he himself is killed. He loses something precious that is often taken for granted because of what he has done.Shakespeare chose to repeatedly mention sleep because whether it is at the end of the day or end the end of ones life, everyone eventually goes to sleep. Yet Shakespeare gives the reader a better idea of how valuable it truly is, Shakespeare also knows how to get you mind thinking by using symbols in the form of other living objects like animals. Sleep and blood are only two of the many symbols used in the play. Shakespeare has interwoven the symbol use of animals throughout his play. Not only does he allude with the accuracy of a naturalist to the peculiarities and habits of ertain targets but also to animals. Shakespeare use of animals is often repellent and even repugnant to the audience† (Olsen). They always serve a purpose. For example the owl was used to represents fatality. â€Å"Tis unnatural a falcon tow ring in her prid e of place was by a musing owl hawked at and killed† (2. 2. 10-21). The owl represents Macbeth and the falcon represents King Duncan who Macbeth killed. Expressing how unnatural it is for an owl to kill a hawk because owls usually for mice. Duncan. The owl announcing Duncan's death is revealing how it is connected to the upernatural world.Just like the owl was used as an import and symbol, so was the bird. â€Å"The raven himself is hoarse: that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlement†(l . 5. 38-40). The raven is a bird of ill. Lady Macbeth was referring that even the bird was Horace from saying king Duncan must die, lady Macbeth was trying to say the bird was a sign that they should go on with the plan and kill the king. This symbol Just like all the others, is giving the reader a hint for something to happen in the future of the play, Shakespeare also has ways to make an audience feel some ype of way when something has occurred. They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly but bear like I must fght the curse†

Creating a Business Plan Project and Presentation (Course-Advanced PowerPoint

Creating a Business Plan Project and (Course-Advanced Business Dimensions of Health Care) - PowerPoint Presentation Example In order to achieve the mission the health care unit has objected different objectives such as creating awareness, treatment, offering clinical services as explained later in this paper. The operations of the mission will specifically be in New Jersey in connection to other units designated in other countries on the same network. The unit will be set in the existing health center at the selected location in order to improve the services as demand rises, which are unavailable in the country. The new health unit is also set to act as a center for the campaign and awareness for advocating better health services and advices to the increasing cases of youth pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy is a real threat to the society in terms of the social and economic development status quo of the people and their existence. The problem has caused many cases of maternal death due to lack of better health cares on such cases. However, the problem occurs for lack of awareness and advices to the young relationships such as sexual education in order to avoid the unplanned pregnancies. This results many families from riches to rags and eventually begging since the parents of the children were not prepared for their task ahead. The real solution of spread of Teenage pregnancies lies within each one in the country to participate in its eradications, which will be through education of sexual consequences. It’s very much sure that women are infected at a younger stage than men. In this case, the teen pregnancy has become a priority of the New Jersey state. This is because of its complexity as their expose themselves in the poor social and economic conditions. This status includes low attainment of education, overcrowded or inadequate housing, language barriers, literacy, and violence in the families, negligence, and gang abuse. The teen pregnancy also causes their involvement in crime

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history Essay

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history - Essay Example In my reading of history I have found that the meaning of history is different for different people.In other words any history,which includes also the postcolonial one,has a subjective meaning for the individual.However,an objective approach to history can unlock the impasse of interpretation of history to the reasonable satisfaction of all people.I have observed that the tone of eulogy that characterized the early writers in the heyday of colonization has given way to less buoyant enthusiasm in the postcolonial literature after the liquidation of the empire. I should think that the Postcolonial writer now expresses his authentic subjective experience, not only of the colonial past, but also his perception of the aftermath of colonization.History is important in Postcolonial studies because it fixes the parameters for inclusion or exclusion the sources that we should study. Experience of a historical colonial past and the literature that reflects this is included as the canonical wor ks for study. However, many argue that the colonial past though politically over is actually present because of the overwhelming influence still exerted by former rulers on their former colonies. Some others argue that colonization is still a reality as some powerful nations still exercise political power from a distance through their conglomerates.1 There is a school of thought that argues that colonial experience is universal in human history because some time in the remote or recent past most countries or peoples had the experience of being subjugated by another powerful people.2 What is Postcolonial I feel that it is necessary to have a clear idea of the term Postcolonial. It became prominent terminology in academic parlance with the publication of Edward Said' vehement critique of western ideas of the Orient in his work Orientalism. His work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide variety of assumptions accepted on individual, academic and political levels. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and alien to the west (Said 1978). According to Said a historian and a scholar should see the diversity of culture and allow room for a dynamic variety of human experience. However, I find that Said was insistent about the essential difference between the orient and the occident. So I feel that in spite of the stereotype that European perception has of the orient there is different subjective perception of one another. In this context it is desirable to read Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. From this we get a proper insight into the colonial mind.3 With the appearance in 1989 of the work The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, Postcolonial studies became a branch of study by itself and earlier terms like Colonial Literature, Commonwealth Literature and Third World Literature were replaced by Postcolonial. However many do not consider the term suitable. In fact some use term to signify a stand against Imperialism and Euro- centrism often surprisingly ante-Americanism. In this context I wish to compare and contrast the perspective of earlier writers who were conscious or unconscious appendages of the Raj by examining the work, In an Antique Land by Amitav Ghosh.4 Is American Experience Part of Postcolonialism Americas were one of the earliest scenes of European colonial adventure. The American expansion at the cost of the native American population is one of the saddest chapters of world history. Similarly the flourishing slave trade and the vestiges of which remained in our recent memory makes the America all the more a part of essential colonial experience. The white chroniclers of European explorations cinemetically focussed on what they saw through a single lense. However the Postcolonial historians capture the quite mystique of the discovery of the unfolding virgin America with the eyes of the natives Americans also.This

Medical in the Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical in the Middle Ages - Essay Example It was in Salerno, for example, that much work was done by academics and others, supported and sponsored by the Church, to articulate for a new age the traits of Hippocratic medicine as a tradition. It is the results of this and other contemporaneous work which exerted great influence on physicians, healers and other medical practitioners until as late as the 19th century (Porter 1998, p. 13).2 Opportunities for a medical education were scarce at the beginning of the High Middle Ages. So-called cathedral universities that offered medical education, such as that of Chartres in France, were an exception. One reason for this seems to be that, because universities during this period generally offered a broad education in the humanities that did not have as a specific objective a curriculum designed to produce professional physicians, the education one could expect differed substantially in nature and content from that which was developed in Salerno from the 11th century onwards (Nutton 1995, p.139). The earliest Salernitan texts used for teaching purposes were the product of many variables, such as the influence of Arab medical knowledge imported into southern Italy by Arab settlers who maintained contact with Byzantium and northern Africa, which combined to infuse a new and more speculative view into medieval medical thought (Nutton 1995, pp.140). Medical education and professional training in the Late Middle Ages was greatly influenced and accelerated by a narrowed focus on medical learning as a discipline, which was adopted by university educators from about 1250 onwards (Nutton 1995, pp. 142-159). One work in particular, Articella, revived interest in and pursuit of the Galenic medical tradition, which built on the earlier Hippocratic works, and for the first time gave university medical educators and practitioners a 'sacred text' by which a physician's professionalism and knowledge could be measured and benchmarked based on his expert comprehension, understanding and application of the series of books that comprised the contents of the Articella compendium (Nutton 1995, p. 142). By holding to an assumption that all disease stems from natural as opposed to supernatural causes, physicians and healers throughout the medieval period, following the Hippocratics who established the tradition long before them during the Hellenic period, appealed to human nature itself for specific natural causes. It is for this reason that the treatise in the Corpus that elaborates the main tenets of Hippocratic medicine most ardently and succinctly is On the Nature of Man (Jones 1923, Volume IV). Medieval medical practitioners, in adopting and using these ideas, sustained the essence of Hippocratic thought by seeking to explain the nature of the human body by direct observation of it followed by systematic analysis of this observation. Medieval physicians and other medical practitioners used the precepts presented in the Hippocratic treatise, On the Nature of Man, to treat their patients (Nutton 1995, pp. 175-183). It is in this text that the theory of the four humors is discussed in detail, relating that the human body is comprised of blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile

Writing for Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writing for Media - Assignment Example ually might have lived a little bit nicer, because gas was so much cheaper.† His comments were mirrored by his girlfriend, Marla, who laughed when asked about savings and interest rates, saying â€Å"I haven’t made enough to put any money away for years, what do you think? If the interest rate were 0 or 10% it couldn’t make a difference to me.† Though state budgets have been viciously slashed by the recession, neither of these two people seemed to notice the difference: they made too much money to be eligible for Medicaid already, and so did not face rollbacks there, and relied on very few other modes of social support. Certainly other people who made less or who were more reliant on social welfare may have had a very different experience, but for some, it is clear that being poor meant that the recession did not take a huge bight out of standard of living. The economic situation seemed much more dire to those in the lower middle and middle classes. Younghee Jan, 62, for instance, had worked as a welder and a post office clerk respectively for 35 years before attempting planning to retire around 2010. Planning to retire to a smaller but distinctly nicer house in a nicer neighborhood than he had lived for most of his life, Mr. Jang decided to buy a house in 2006, having moved here from northern California. His divorced wife tells a similar story. They sank a great deal of their nest-egg into a down payment, negotiating what seemed then like a low fixed interest rate and feeling certain that they could make their payments based on their pensions, especially given how much of the house they had already managed to pay off in a large down payment. As the recession worsened, however, they suddenly found themselves holding the bag on an unsustainable mortgage. The low interest rate they locked in at was almost twice as high as what one could get for a home loan now, and they find themselves, like many people, with a house that could not clear the mortgage

Tesco Supermarket Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tesco Supermarket - Case Study Example Organizational culture is the highly important aspect of today's corporate life. Culture is defined as a set of assumptions, beliefs, customs, traditions and other personal, social and organizational methods that are owned and practiced by a group of life (Teegarden et al., 2011). This definition clearly mentions two important aspects: beliefs and group. For a culture to exist and perform the function, it is highly essential that it must have both these elements without their existence, a culture will not exist and nor will be able to perform. Based on this definition, organizational culture can be defined as â€Å"the way things are done in an organization† (Karwowski, 2006.p. 2204; Cameron and Quinn, 2006). In simple words, organizational culture reflects that how employees think, carry out their actions and make decisions within an organization (Karwowski, 2006). In this regard, it is also important to highlight that every organization has its different culture which is alw ays unique and because of this uniqueness, each organization is culturally different and unique as well (Karwowski, 2006). On the other hand, organizational culture has also been identified as diverse and complex because numerous and range of behaviors, attitudes, and activities are being carried out simultaneously (Vavrusa, 2008).Before going to highlight Tesco supermarket’s organizational culture, it is highly essential to mention that organizational culture has different dimensions for Tesco customers and Tesco employees.

Globalization and Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalization and Employment Relations - Essay Example A peek into their social and political structure from the beginning of the twentieth century to today's fast paced world and also a study of the hypothesis of convergence will help us in making definite conclusions about the subject. Katz evaluates three hypotheses that have been suggested to explain the trend towards decentralized bargaining: first, shifts in bargaining power from unions to employers; second, the emergence of new forms of work organization, which put a premium on flexibility and employee participation; and third, the decentralization of corporate structures and diversification of worker preferences. Katz concludes that the second hypothesis is the most convincing, on the grounds that labour and management appear to have gained distinct advantages from work restructuring that accomplished decentralization. However, shifts in bargaining power, as well as the diversification of corporate and worker interests, are important contributing factors to the decentralization process. Sweden became an industrial society later when compared to most other countries in Europe. At the start of the 20th century, Sweden was a poor agrarian society with high emigration rate. It is now a relatively wealthy, welfare-oriented, service society. Sweden has 25% of its civilian workforce employed in industry, only 2.4% are still in agriculture, while 73% are in services, partly as a result of the strong growth of local and regional government since the 1960s. Swedish employment relations have long fascinated foreign observers. With a total population of 9 million and with 4.4 million in labour force, Sweden is the smallest of the countries in Europe. However, 76% of its women are in the labour force which is the highest female participation rate of any OECD country. Employment relations in Sweden have passed through three broad stages since the nineteenth century. The beginning of the union movement was the first stage, which lasted from the 1890s to 1930s.Unions were established during this period and there were disputes between the capitalists and the laborers. The government was either passive or supported the capitalists. The second stage was approximately from mid-1930s to the early 1970s. The 'Swedish model' was established during this period, with a low level of industrial conflict, a 'solidaristic' wage policy, an active labour market policy and labour-management cooperation. An economic policy reliant on economic growth subsumed many of the pay-related problems for the unions and paved way for a pattern of employment relations with few industrial disputes. Emergence of a third stage can be traced to the 1970s. More radical union ambitions, the election of a non-socialist government in 1976 severe economic problems, and a strategy based on free enterprise and a market economy, on the employer side, represented significant changes. The 1980 dispute symbolized these developments. Wage earner funds were introduced after a bitter conflict, but were not seen as a complete victory by the unions. The wage earner fund system became a political burden for the Social Democratic Party and did not result in a basic change in Sweden's economic system. The employers tried to reverse the trend as much as

Role Of A Nursing Faculty Member Essay Example for Free

Role Of A Nursing Faculty Member Essay Introduction The basic role of a nursing faculty member is to teach nursing skills to students effectively. The knowledge, skills and values acquired by the learners must be put into clinical practice. It is therefore the duty of the faculty member to impart practical skills to the students. There has been a debate on the most suitable method of teaching clinical medicine. Most arguments have shown that the effectiveness of the clinical teaching is determined by the end results. Teaching being a skill it requires specialized strategies for its positive desired end results. A faculty should be organized in hierarchy to enable proper allocation of duties; therefore the roles of the faculty member are very diverse and practical. ROLE OF A NURSING FACULTY MEMBER The aim of teaching is equip a student with knowledge and skills that are consumable. A good education program is deemed to be the one is able to satisfy both individual and societal needs. The changes in health care delivery systems, demographic trends, technological advances and developments in higher education influence the competencies needed for professional nursing practice. (Garberson Oermann 2007) The main developments in the teaching of nursing allude to the philosophical perspective in which the program goal and objectives based on the content are developed followed by the teaching evaluation process. The current strategies of teaching nursing focus much on the end results as such there is more focus given to an individual’s needs, learning activities, learning style, which has improved the quality of the end results. In a situation where teaching is based on the end result, the faculty member then should commence the teaching by identifying the end results rather than the intention of the teaching. Some of this en d results expected after the teaching process include knowledge, skills, professional attitudes behavior and values. Good clinical learning activity is achieved by enabling the students to be able to transfer acquired knowledge into real life situations. The knowledge (theory) acquired should be put into practice. Researches geared toward curriculum reforms are very important to a nursing faculty member in order to accommodate the fast changes in health are important. Nurse teachers should focus on giving students tangible skills based on facts. The ability to solve clinical is an important recipe to clinical teaching and learning. Most of the clinical problems require the student to be creative this necessitates the teacher to equip the student with necessary skills on how to solve practical new clinical problems according to the context. Therefore essentially critical and creative skills mind is in order to be abreast with the current challenges in health care that will help one work more effectively in the real life situations. The care services should spread evenly within a particular environment this is in the view that medical has grown to be a very vital service to be offered to people of all calibers in the world. PREPARATION NEED FOR THE ROLE The nursing faculty member and students in academic nursing must choose a healthy learning center to assist in acquisition of practical skills. The teacher therefore is expected to assign duties and responsibilities to the students within a given period of time. A faculty member should put in place different roles important in guiding the students in their learning activities. The major of the teacher is to empower the students with skills within and outside the clinical context that will enhance delivery of quality services to patients. Proper planning of the clinical activities requires a teacher to have more knowledge. A nursing faculty member should be able to organize the students into groups in order to improve the guiding of the cognitive skills that are crucial for problem solving. Typically students’ utilization of resources increases with the implementation of problem-based learning as students are challenged to research answers of learning issues. Resources for information include faculty experts, consultants, text, journal and a computerized data retrieval system as well as field and clinical experience. Lowestein and Bradshaw (2004). The subtler role of a nursing faculty member is to monitor the  Ã‚   learning atmosphere. The students acquire clinical skills positively this nurtures them towards working independently. Research has shown that when one works independently is likely to double the skills in the field specialized (DeYoung, 2003). The outcome of should be able to reflect need oriented especially the needs of the patients should be give priority. Evaluation is a very important criterion for establishing the knowledge and competence acquired by the student. Therefore suitable criteria for evaluation should be established and feedback given appropriately after each evaluation. Problem solving strategy has been found a very helpful learning strategy among students as it gives maximum outcomes. For a nurse to acquire necessary clinical expertise in understanding the multiplicity of factors that interplay in a give situation, the must impart research based techniques in a student. This can be done through giving the student  Ã‚   research tasks to be done especially those relating to patients. The implication here is that the student will have the opportunity to integrate the knowledge learnt with the past and present experiences and use it to solve anything new in future. A faculty member may be involved in clinic care activities in the process of ensuring quality assurance. In this event the teacher is acting as a role model to the students. There are diverse roles of a nursing faculty member among them include: administration, nursing education program course coordination conducting research and serving as a consultant among other functions (Gaberson, Oermann, 2007). Therefore the understanding of situation of clinical learning activities start with proper preparation in the part of the teacher, this is usually achieved by setting goals and objectives to be achieved. The goals and objectives determine the methods to be used in teaching process.   The teacher should be able to evaluate the extent to which a particular student is prepared before being assigned a duty to execute especially when they given a private client to attend to in the assigned clinical duties (Barnum, Karlene Kerfoot, 1995). Conclusion The nursing faculty member should equip the students with theoretical skills that can bring about positive learning process and the desired outcomes. The knowledge imparted on a student should have utilitarian value on an individual, the knowledge should enable them impact their patients positively. The roles that the nursing faculty member does are beneficial to the institution as well as the student. Positively the faculty member gives care services to the patients what might be called in-service function. It should be noted that nursing is a labour intensive activity, which requires commitment, it requires a 24-hour ongoing service and as such individual should be prepared to face this challenges appropriately. References: Arlene J. Lowestein, Martha J. Bradshaw. (2007) Fuszard’s innovative teaching strategies in  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nursing. Jones Bartlett publishers. Barbara Stevens Barnum, Karlene M. Kerfoot (1995). The nurse as executive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aspen publishers. DeYoung, S. (2003). Teaching strategies for nursing educators. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall Health. Kathleen B. Gaberson, Marilyn H. Oermann. (2007). Teaching strategies in nursing. Aspen publishers.

No More Homework Essay Example for Free

No More Homework Essay Homework has historically been given to students to reinforce what they learn at school, and ultimately to help them learn the material better. However, too much homework is not helpful, and can be counterproductive. Excessive amounts of time spent on completing homework can take away from a students social life, family time, and limits participation in sports or other activities. The amount of homework a teacher can give to a student should be restricted, and only assigned due to necessity. Critically acclaimed author Tamim Ansary reports that since 1981, the amount of homework given to the average sixth grader has increased by more than fifty percent. Many people claim that the increase in homework dates as far back as 1957, when the Russians launched Sputnik into outer space. The new competition that resulted served as incentive for schools to try to increase the difficulty of the curriculum. With harder classes came more homework (Ansary). Many teachers defend large amounts of homework, claiming that it helps prepare students for a world that is becoming increasingly competitive. However, Dr. Kralovec, author of The End of Homework argues that doing homework during high school has little or no effect on successful study skills of students in college. College students have only a few hours of class a week and lots of daytime hours in which to study. She says the college schedule is nowhere as grueling as in high school. In addition, the average adult does not return home from the office with three or more hours of work to complete (Kralovec). Excessive amounts of homework can be harmful to kids both physically and mentally. A lot of homework usually means a lot of books to carry. Fifty-five percent of the Massachusetts children surveyed by researchers at Simmons College carry loads heavier than fifteen percent of their body weight, the suggested limit. Carrying large amounts of weight daily at a young age can do a lot of damage because bones are still in development. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has reported that in 1999, more than 800 kids were treated in emergency rooms for backpack-related injuries. Many of these injuries can lead to serious problems later in life including chronic shoulder, neck, and back pain (“Children”). The large amount of homework is causing kids in both high school and junior high school to be up until midnight or later. When extracurricular activities such as sports, clubs, etc., are added to the picture, kids may even have to wake up early the next morning to finish their homework, leaving them with an insufficient amount of sleep. Some parents and teachers argue that it would be beneficial to a child’s academics to limit after school activities. However, cutting back on the few hours a week teenagers use for exercise could be a factor in the growing obesity rates (Igo). Homework also takes away from time that a kid could be spending with his or her family. Rather than spending time bonding and building strong family relationships, parents and children argue over homework. Time is taken away from important elements of daily life. This time is particularly precious in families with two working parents whose time with their children is limited. This time could be better spent going out to dinner as a family, or doing other activities that most families are not able to do because the kids do not have time to take a break from their homework schedule (Igo). When busy work assignments are given carelessly and frequently, it causes students to lose interest in the subject. Negative results can also occur when a student is not able to complete his or her homework. Many times they will resort to copying homework, having others do their assignments, or cheating on tests. Bad habits such as these are likely to follow kids through their lives and have an effect on their moral judgment. With no consequences to these actions students will almost always take the easy way out when it comes to homework (Kralovec). The use of homework is effective when used by the rule less is more. Overwhelming students with loads of homework can cause them stress and possible physical injury. Homework takes away from the small amount of time kids get to spend with their parents and siblings. A limit on their physical and social activities can also take a large toll on their lives, and could hinder their health and future relationships.

Lithium-ion battery

Lithium-ion battery Introduction This course work is related to a new type of Lithium-lion battery developing by a company. This new product (battery) based on Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has great anticipate in production of laptop batteries. This kind of battery have many overcomes on traditional or commercial batteries. The new technology has great efficiency as well. It allows the battery to be recharged in 5 minutes for its 80% capacity, consumes less time for recharging, another good feature of this technology are improves the battery life to 20 hrs instead of normal 3 hours, similarly using this technology a new battery could be developed that will power a family car for 500 miles and yet be recharged in less than 10 minutes. Majority of well known companies follow a process when producing a new product in the market, and they also required discussing various approaches before producing new product in the market , that how a product could sustain successfully in the market. A detailed discussion about RD, Managing Innovation, ISO standard and Six Sigma is the part of this course, because most of new companies using these standards. For a new company to stay in the market in the presence of competitors it need to innovate and come up with new approaches and ideas, the others competitors they dont follow the new ideas could literally survive in the market . Background The first lithium-ion battery was introduced in 1991 for commercial purposes [1], with the growth of electronic devices at that time also increases the demand for lithium-ion batteries, particularly for notebook, computer (laptop) and cellular phones. The weight and capacity of battery reduced with engineering techniques. It was achieved with manufacturing process and the introduction of new separator, cathodes and anodes materials. The most popular manufacturing company (Wee-Energizer) was introduced batteries for laptop in 2002. Their current partners are Dell, HP and Apple are also the leading laptop and computers manufacturing companies in the world. Wee-Energizer used for the first time novel application nanotech for new battery. Novel application has the capability to be recharged up to 80 percent and is capable of holding a very high charge density. The nanotechnology will improve the battery life for a laptop to extend from 3 hours to 20 hours. A recent feasibility shows that the battery could be developed to produce power for a family car for 500 miles and yet to be recharged in less than minutes. The company currently manufactures the lithium-ion batteries known as Nanobattery at its manufacturing facility in Taiwan and ships the products directly to laptop manufactures like Dell, Hp and Apple etc clients . Technology Plan Managing Innovation Managing innovation is the process of adding something new, enhance the invention and recharging. The company will be developing the Nanobattery because of technology driven solution. Adopting this solution will increase the funding of the company or it will boost up the business opportunities to spread business venues related to their business products and brands. The performance of this new type of battery will be very effective and more efficient as compared to the previous one, offer adapting Technology driven solution. Innovation contributes in several ways [2]. For example research proofs provides strong correlation between market performance and new products when new products properly managed and advertised possible to retain the market shares and attract people. A mature and well established product not just comes with low price bus also from a variety of non-price factors like design, customization and quality. The novel application of nanotech to battery will provide high performance and it will allow higher density. It will not just improve the performance and efficiency, but it will also reduce the capacity or size o the battery the size of battery will become smaller in size, reducing the size of these high density batteries are for the purpose appropriate battery casing to accommodate within battery casing. Types of Innovation: There are three types of Innovation which includes Disruptive Innovation, Open Innovation, Closed Innovation, a detailed provided each of them, it will specify which is best suited to our current scenario. Disruptive Innovation: Disrupt the market by introducing new product in the market which is not expected in the current market, since it has low price then other products available in the market, example of disruptive innovation is mp3 players and usb etc. Open Innovation: Open Innovation is the type of Innovation which specify that the company does not rely on the RD department and the research conducted by RD department, but also allow to purchase new technology and material from outside domain and utilized them to create new innovative technology. Closed Innovation: Closed Innovation is the type of innovation, it works reverse of Open Innovation, the companies and an organization relies on their own RD departments and their research. Large corporate companies have their own large RD department. Following are the four main categories of process innovation: a. Product innovation: define changes in products and services which an organization offer b. Process innovation: changes in the way they are created. c. Figure 1. d. Paradigm innovation: changes in the underlying mental model which frame what the organization does. The following show the managing innovation process. The RD department could innovate further the existing technology, the RD department and the people working within this department monitor the technology and monitor as well for further learning and investment in the same area. The company will follow the interactive model to develop this idea and links together the technology-push and market pull model, it emphasis that innovation occurs as the result of interaction of the market place the science base and the organization capabilities[3]. Innovation as knowledge management process It is very important to know the process of innovation, because innovation is the core of business. Two main terminologies can be defined within innovation process which represents the structure of an organization. The two terminologies are technology push (RD to market) and market full( from market to RD). The following figure 1.2 represents the innovation process. Figure 1.2 Product Lifecycle Management Analysis PLM (Project Lifecycle Management is the process of managing used for entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, designing and manufacturing, to service and disposal. This method PLM is adopted this product, this process will continue whereby the process end, this method will start with raw material extraction will collect from Disposal Recycling, company will convert into manufacturing product than the product will be finally delivered to the other partner companies under transportation phase. The three popular term are used in this process cradle to cradle as opposed to cradle to gate where the process stops once than the product will leave the company, the final term cradle to grave where the process stops once the product reaches its end lif a. Conceive b. Design and Develop c. Realise d. Service e. End of Life Phase 1: (Conceive|) will be specified the basic function and data requirements, system boundaries and goals and objectives. In the current scenario the core function of new battery as to improve the battery life for laptop up to 20 hours, congenital batteries are limited to 3 hours, the aim of this project is, the battery should be able to recharge 80 percent of its capacity in five minutes. * Performance: the performance of battery depend on the size of laptop screen, performance of battery is related to the size, battery performance should not drop below 20 hours for 20 screen * Project Risk Management: the primary part of this project is to identify the risk that is related to your current project, risk management is also focus on the future of project as well. The expected risk that are involved to this project are; * The company required new equipments, machines and instrument to assemble the product; the company will losses many in the start of this operation. * If there is any fault in the current product (battery), like it overheat or no functioning properly, it will impact on the end user side. * If the demand for the product reduced, it will impact on the sale of the product * However it is very important to identify the risk at the beginning, risk that involved to the project. The following areas to be identify before starting the proposed project. Insufficient or unreliable data Lack of preparation Lack of resources Lack of control Mitigation: Some project they have unforeseen problems and those problems neither eliminate or nor reduce to reasonable level, mitigation is the process which address these kind of issues in the project, it also avoid and reduce the impact of risk on the project. Mitigation should be adopt by the company to avoid these kind problems and risk that are associated to the project, to avoid such risk with mitigation actions which include; The company should reduce the expenses for instruments, machines and assembly process to a quality third party partner, the company can also save fund that spending on new machines, equipment and machineries. The risk associated with battery of overcharging or discharging would resolve through mitigation process. This phase will pass through a proper testing to check the temperature regularly that the required temperature should not exceed from 30 degree centigrade, if it exceed from 30 degree centigrade the battery will not be usable. The cost of new battery should not very high. The company should split current market of laptop and new technology devices like cellular phones and electrical vehicles. The company should meet new clients point out the benefits of having a lighter with for more capacity an ordinary laptop battery. The company should have backup for power if the current power supplier failure The delivery of the new product (battery) should not delay Process Model The following figure is the example of process model of a product, the process model includes, Raw materials, Inventory, manufacturing, assembly, quality assurance, collecting and distribution. Raw materials: An unprocessed natural product used in manufacture, to be collected from supplier. Inventory: availability of product (batteries) in stock, storing of material in warehouse. Manufacture: manufacturing components that made new battery Assembly: joint working of components and offering a single product or more Quality assurance: specify the quality of product and ensure that t he battery working properly accordingly to the proposed design. Transportation: delivery of product to the end users or clients The above steps defines the process of product from raw material to the end user, quality assurance will specify that the product working properly and according to the desired of end user. Quality assurance and assembly will work together for the final shape of battery. Phase 2:(Designing and Development) In the design phase the battery would tested through various real-time applications and software, like CAD (Computer Aided Manufacturing), flow charts will also use to demonstrate the designing phase or designing of product, proper documentation will be constructed in the this phase. Different simulation software like OPNET, METLAB and etc will measure the performance of battery in this phase, based on this performance battery management will approve the production of battery, the following methodologies are using in the design phase. DFM (Design for Manufacture ) DEF (Design for Environmental ) DFA DFSS DFM: Design for Manufacture specify some various factors and they play vital role for success and popularity in the market, those factors are manufacturing process, cost of product (battery) in the current market , quality of battery and customer satisfaction. DEF: Design for Environment, it specify that the new battery would be environmental friendly and should not harmful for environment. DEF also using the cradle to cradle approach, the new proposed battery should re-usable when it complete their first lifecycle or expire. Therefore ongoing testing to be required before it entered to the implementation phase as earlier mentioned that this process to be done through different software and simulation. Phase 3: (Implementation) The implementation to be started when designing phase is complete, in the implementation phase the company start manufacturing of battery after validation. In this phase the product is ready for clients, also sales in the market, implementation phase based on Marketing Activities, Distribution, Manufacturing method and Supply Chain Management. Manufacturing Methods: (Lean, Six sigma, etc) will be used for optimise of laptop battery production. o Lean Manufacturing: is a model that the value or the size of product would be optimised reduced and less anything that are not required to the end users. o Six Sigma: is business strategy or model would be adopted for manufacturing process of batteries, six sigma improve the quality of product (battery) and remove any defects from the product Due to adopting this strategy the final shape or condition will present with good condition and free of defects. Marketing Activities: Marketing activities specify that the materials to be distributed to the market, support packages also improve the marketing activities, like proper training to be arranged for the technical staff. An annual or quarterly magazine to be published for general and further future information about product. Distribution: Moving a service from producer to consumer in certain sectors, either through direct channel or indirect channel [5]. In the distribution section an organization or company pack products properly then distributor sells to retailers or agents and finally retailers also called (resellers) who sells to end users. Phase 4: (Services) Services is the fourth phase of PLM, in this phase the repair and maintenance information about laptop battery must be update, on the base of customer experience will specify that the performance of battery is good, normal, medium or not good, a survey will conduct to gather information from end users and customer and feedback to the phase 1 that the customers are satisfy, in case of failure of its design or manufacturing, phase 2 and phase 3 will be reviewed. Phase 5: (End of Life) Figure 1.5 End of Life (Modified Life cycle) Six Sigma (Business Strategy) The six Sigma business strategy approach will be adopted for this project. Six Sigma improves the process and solve the problems, it is a very important and effective business strategy using by various companies. Six Sigma are also eliminates the causes of errors and defects or failures in business process, it reduce scrap, improve quality and gain better control process and system. The six sigma approach is based on DMIAC model, each letter in this model (DMIAC) refers to a step and steps are including the following are five stages of six sigma. à ¼ Define: the define stage is the agreement on different issues like quality characteristics, goals and objectives are crucial. à ¼ Measure: Measure is the second phase of six sigma that measures and identify the root causes of the problem, also helps to confirm if the definition of the problem is correct. à ¼ Analyze: analyze can be divided into three further steps, following are the steps that are involved in the analyze phase. o Measuring: is the ability to meet the customer specification. o Design of experiments (DoE) o Identify the root causes of errors or defects and their impacts on the business. Figure 1.6 Five Stages of Six Sigma (DMAIC) à ¼ Improve: in this stage of DMAIC model of Six Sigma, advance tools and techniques are using for design, manufacturing and assembly à ¼ Control: in this stage the process should be managed in order sustain the gain . This will include ongoing measurements. There are different six sigma advance tools uses for the improvement of business, following are the tools: Quality Function Development (QFD) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) T-Test Cause Effect Matrix Statistical Process Control or Control Charts Design of Experiment: Design of Experiment: is most important element of six sigma, design of experiment is the secret weapon of rapid growth or improvement. Critical Success Factors for Six Sigma Customer Centricity: the purpose of customer centricity is the happiness of customer about product, customer centricity is to delight the customer and the product will be measured through customer prospective. Voice the Customer: customer opinion is more important regarding business point of view, it is necessary to hear from customer about the product. The voice of customer will be considered as input and that input will be translated into specific measurable elements. Critical to Quality (CTQ): CTQ requirements are most important to the customer. Control Charts Figure 1.7 Control Charts Causes and Effect Matrix Fishbone diagram and CE Matrix both are used to identify and explore the possible root causes that related to problems. CE Matrix also help to measure the designing of experiment (DoE) phase. Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) FMEA identify new procedure or identifying ways a new product, service might fail. The importance of FMEA is to identify expected errors in the process. It will prioritize the possible failure scenarios; it keeps possible failure scenarios by importance. FMEA generates a list of possible failure scenarios by importance and help the management team or technical staff to prioritize things that can cause errors in the process, it also provide an opportunity to the staff to take precaution measure to prevent or stop the failure scenarios and rectify the problem. It should be conducted at the beginning of the product lifecycle when major changes are introduce to the product, feedback will help to indicates unidentified problems in the process of product lifecycle. FMEA Advantages à ¼ FMEA gather information or collect information and prevent future problems in product manufacturing. à ¼ The process potential FMEA minimises late changes and associated cost. à ¼ The processes of FMEA encourage users and increase end user satisfaction about business product. à ¼ The process potential FMEA also increase company reputation and the company image. à ¼ The process potential FMEA also improve the quality, reliability and safety of a product or process. à ¼ It also reduce the potential for warranty concern ISO Standards Additional measure to be taken by the company for international standard quality and further improvement of batteries is called ISO (International Standard Organization). ISO is the organization for standardization (organization international de normalization) widely known is ISO. The ISO is worldwide accepted stamp or certificate, all registered companies will follow ISO standardization for production of products, and the products will be labelled or stamped with ISO benchmark, which sends a positive message to the general public about quality assurance about the product. As per ISO rules Proper documentation to be mentioned about the products.. The company will follow the ISO 9001:2000 for the production of batteries. ISO standard will required during designing, development and manufacturing phases because ISO standard specify the quality assurance of products. As earlier mentioned proper documentation and customer complains will be recorded to eliminate any defect and improvement of Laptop battery as per customer desires. HR department or technical staff will produce an annual or quarterly report to the management; management will take decisions to address the existing problems with batteries as well as suggest further enhancement. Following are the different standards (ISO 9000, ISO 14000) of ISO, the company will follow the ISO 14000, ISO 14000 is uses for environmental management. The ISO standards and there function is: ISO 9000 Standards ISO 9000 and 14000 are popular and well known standard. The ISO 9000 standard is most common series for Quality Management System has relation to the companys requirements for Designing and, Manufacturing and Developing of business products, following are the main three Quality Management Systems standard. IOS 9000: Define Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001: Define Requirements ISO 9004: Define Methods and Procedure for performance and improvement of business products ISO 9001 Standard: Contains a bunch of rules and procedures, company will follow this standard for maintaining business record for battery production, it is an effective procedure for monitoring and verification, it facilitate the companies for the purpose of consistent and improvement of business products. It also finds error and defect in the product and those errors to eliminate by proper and effective procedure when it is required. ISO 9001 standard is good practice for the quality system and also provides a frame work to the companies, this process adopting by various companies for further improvement of their business products. Due to its better Quality Management System the defect ratio or percentage will be reduced from the business product, this process also play a role for the customer satisfaction regarding business products. ISO 9001 Drawbacks. Despite various advantages of ISO 9001 has some drawbacks as well, following are the drawbacks of ISO 9001. This standard provides only a framework and process for the customer satisfaction. ISO 9001 will not tell you that the problems away or disappear by itself. There is no specific way or procedure to identify that the current product dont required further improvement and does not tell you how to improve the quality. Does not impose a significant overhead, unless no quality control procedures in place. ISO 14000 Standards ISO 14000 is ISO standard that addresses Environmental Management which minimizes the harmful impact on the environment [7]. During the manufacturing and production of some sort of things produce harmful gases which highly impact our surrounding indirectly or indirectly. The company will adopted this standard for manufacturing of battery, because it is less harmful for the environment. ISO 14000 standard is best ISO standard for environmental managing system, which also includes an audit programme. ISO 14000 Essentials (Features of ISO 14000 Family ) The two familiar ISO 14000 family standards are ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 14004:2004, both standard are effective for Environmental Management System (EMS). ISO 14001:2004 Standard: As mentioned above that both standard deals with EMS, ISO 14001:2004 specifically provides the requirements for EMS (Environmental Management System, once the requirements meet to ISO 14001:2004 standard provides capability to an organization to achieve the following: à ¼ An organization will have the ability to identified and control the environmental impact of its activities, products or services. à ¼ An organization or company will improve its environmental performance consistently. à ¼ Implement a systematic approach to setting environmental objectivise and targets to achieving these and to demonstrating that they have been achieving[8]. à ¼ This standard will provide assurance to the management of the an organization or company that the process is in control, and activities which impact on environment à ¼ They provide assurance to the company, organization workers or employees that they are working for environmental responsible company, organization. à ¼ ISO 14001:2004 provide assurance to the external stack holders such as customer and clients, the community and regularity agencies. Benefits of ISO 14001 standard Enhancement of environmental awareness within organization Cost savings and reduction in resources usage Improve compliance with legislation ISO 14004:2004 Standard: Another tool of ISO 14000 is 14004:2004 standard provides guidelines on the elements of an environmental management system and its implementation, it also discuss the principal issues that are involved. Environmental Plan Life Cycle Analysis All manufacturing products have an environmental impact throughout their life cycle such as, ( Raw material, manufacturing, distribution and final stage disposal), the aim and objectives of an environmental plan is negative impact on environment during the manufacturing to business product, the negative mean reduction of Carbon protect healthy life, and greenly. Carbon reduction policy of a single organization is not very effective, it is effective when it comes together, carbon reduction is the responsibility of all organizations, companies, public and private sectors and government agencies where they deals with Gas, Oils, and Energy etc. Lack of awareness and less attention from government agencies, public and private sectors about these issues, world now face a real threat in the form global warming. . Our planet is warming up, and not in a good way, the last twenty years were the hottest in 400 years according to several studies[9]. The extreme weather causes, heat waves, wildfi res and strong storm due to the major changes in climate, to reduce these impacts each production companies must have plan for environment protection, changes in climate also Occurs and increases in global average air, Ocean temperatures, wide malting of snow and ice rising global average sea levels [10]. The company will implement the environmental plan during the manufacturing of battery to negate the environmental impact, the company have a set of specific goals from four environmental prospective such as Curbing climate change, conserving resources, controlling chemical substance and promoting bio-diversity. The nanobattery would be recyclable and their life to be extended to reduce the ratio of disposal, and finally the waste would recyclable. Today many companies are competing for greener environment as well as they are adopting new technology and they are trying for suitable replacement of gasoline for vehicles. As earlier mentioned the each product has an environment Impact throughout their lifecycle such as production, use, distribution and final disposal. The product lifecycle can be divided into six stages, each stage has specific goals. a. Development: company will apply technology innovation for the purpose to make it smaller product, lighter and more energy saver. b. Designing: during the manufacturing phase of battery, environmental implications will keep in mind and the product would have impressive environmental performance. c. Procurement: The material to be used for the product which less impact on the environment d. Business Operation: The overall operation will impact reduce environmental i, low gas emission and waste to achieve zero environmental footprint at all plants and offices [11]. e. Distribution: Transportation or distribution also consumes more energy, the packaging material size would kept small in size make reduce the impact on environment, such as rail transpiration and water transport. f. Take back-recycling: Company will take care when batteries come to the expiry date or disposal, company will accept the disposed battery, and finally it will be re-cycling for manufacturing. Intellectual Protection Intellectual protection is the process to protect ideas, invention, patenting is the best for any kind of ideas to provide protection, different technology being using by companies to protect their new product ideas, the intellectual provide copyright protection to the owner, a new technology are using for the manufacturing and development of nanobattery. Unauthorised person would not allowed to copy the subject of owner of nanobattery, legal action to be taken according to the existing law. Recommendations With all above discussion above it would good for the company to adopt innovation process for the success of Nanobattery in the current market today. They need to hire those labours which have good background and skills about Nanobattery manufacturing. The company need to follow the ISO standard for standardization such as ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14000:2004 for Nanobattery manufacturing and production. The company need to more focus on the investment over new well-equipment, manufacturing instruments, packaging and assembling Once the product introduced and stable in the market the company have to maintain the quality process of Nanobattery by applying with various techniques such as six sigma. Conclusion: The company using Nano technology for the production of laptop batteries, nano technology is new technology, it negate the implications on environment. It is necessary for all the manufacturing and production companies either they are on the private or public sectors to reduce the carbon and waste emission. The standard and reputable companies are trying and compete with each other to get greener, they are not just trying to get greener and reducing carbon by new technologies, also they are replacing with various tools and new technologies for the replacement of gasoline. Both ISO standards such as ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14000:2004 are highly recommended for the production of nanobattery. Both ISO standards specifies quality management and hazardous activities and their impact on environment, a detailed environmental plan also studied in this course work, that how to reduce the impact of manufacturing and production on an environment. PLM and their five phases also analyzed for the pr oduction and manufacturing plan including Lean Management and six sigma approaches for laptop batteries. ISO standard and their benefits also discussed in this course work. References [1] Ralph J. BroddBroddarp of Nevada, Inc. 2161 Fountain Springs Dr. Comments on the History of Lithium-Ion Batteries-PDF[Online] cited May 2010, www.electrochem.org/dl/ma/201/pdfs/0259.pdf [2] Chris Whitworth,paper knowledge transfer between SMEs and Research Providrs [Online],May 2006, cited May 2010, www.lmu.ac.uk/research/postgradconf//Chris_Whitworth_paper.doc [3] P Trott. Book Innovation Management and New Product Development,2008 Perason Professional Limited [Online] cited May 2010 [4] Nikos Karacapilidis,Emmanuel D. Adamides, IMIS Lab, MEAD An integrated IS framework for managing innovationPDF-[Online] cited May 2010

Juvenile Justice: Age and Judicial Culpability Essay -- Criminal Justi

This paper will first define culpability, explore its various levels and examine how it is used during sentencing. Next, this paper will examine literature that supports the belief that age is not the key factor in determining culpability and should not be used to determine guilt or innocence during trial. Finally, this paper will suggest that trying juveniles as adults and remanding them into adult facilities is ineffective at decreasing juvenile crime rates. These issues will be reviewed to determine if physical (chronological) age is a justifiable cause to lessen culpability or an excuse used to mask the ineffective research efforts of lawmakers. Culpability has long been defined as a legal term that is used by judicial officials to describe the level of responsibility each person has for a crime Giedd et al (1999). Prosecutors use courtroom jargon such as culpability based on physical age as a legal excuse to persuade courtroom officials to reduce sentences for juvenile offenders. Studies taken from Corriero (2007) revealed that a â€Å"normal† child can decipher right from wrong as early as the age of 2 physical years but it may take up to 1 additional year for an abnormal child to develop that same unit of cognitive measure. This statement suggests that although it may take longer for anâ€Å"abnormal† child to reach the same level of understanding mentally, one calendar year does not have to open the door for lessened criminal liability. This raises the chronological age of normal children and lessens the age of abnormal children in many cases. For example, a 14 year old (chronological age) child can have t he mental age of a 6 year old or vice versa. Juvenile accountability varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction throughout the ... ...dies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition Vol. 80, No. 1 (Oct., 1995), pp. 41-49 Smit, D. (2005) The Abolition of Capital Punishment for Persons Under the Age of Eighteen Years in the United States of America. What Next? Oxford Journals Law Human Rights Law Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pp. 393-401 Staniels, J. (1995) Grading Culpability at Sentencing: The Example of Sentencing Entrapment: Federal Sentencing Reporter Vol. 7, No. 4, Criminal Law Defenses at Sentencing pp. 178-180 Steinberg, L & Scott, E.(2003) Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty. American Psychologist, Vol 58(12), 1009-1018 Winter, H ( 2006)The Economics of Crime: An Introduction to Rational Crime Analysis 5th and 14th Amendment Retrieved from www.findlaw.com October 29, 2011

Comparing Mortality in Hemingways Indian Camp and Joyces Araby :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Subject of Mortality in Hemingway's Indian Camp and Joyce's Araby Nick came face to face with his own mortality in Hemingway's "Indian Camp" and, like most of us, denied its inevitability, evidenced by the last line of the story: "In the early morning lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt sure that he would never die." (31) His first experience with the beginning of life was far from the joyous occasion most of us are taught to associate with birth. Coupled with his first experience with a violent suicide in the same setting, his feeling that he would never die is understandable. I have experienced the loss of a family member in childbirth at an early age and my reaction was much the same as Nick's. It is that same conviction that causes us to continue to do things that we know is dangerous: that feeling that one has that "it will never happen to me". Perhaps Nick also learned a lesson from the callousness displayed by his uncle and father toward the Indian woman as well as the other Indians in the story. Nick's father regards the screams of the Indian woman as unimportant, as evidenced by his comment to Nick: "No, I haven't any anaesthetic," his father said. "But her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important." (29) Yet later, when Nick questions him as to why the husband killed himself, he admits, "I don't know, Nick. He couldn't stand things, I guess." (30) Maybe Nick surmised that the woman's screams his father considered unimportant and dismissed so readily may have led to her husband's suicide. The protagonist in Joyce's "Araby" learns a different lesson: the bitter disappointment that is sometimes the result of youthful infatuation. The yearning he feels for Mangan's sister is an emotion of which only he is aware: "I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood".

Role of Language and Script in Raising the Religious Revivalism

Role of Language and Script in Raising the Religious Revivalism in Colonial Punjab aYESHA TABBASUM The language played the significant role in the creation of identities among the major communities in pr-parathion India. The Urdu language had developed as a common language among all the communities and was, in the absence of a common religion the North-western Provinces and various part other parts of the subcontinent. I. H. Qureshi, History of the Pakistan,(BCC& Press Karachi, university of karachi2006) 807.Language Controversy between Urdu and Hindi Although it was religion which was the key defining feature of Muslim identity, the Urdu language was an important symbol. For Hindus, except for the religious communities, the symbol of religion had to be played down to avoid alienating other major religious communities. However, despite linguistic pluralism, the Hindi language remained an important symbol in the construction of the Hindu identity for the Hindu community.Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan,(Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 60 As in colonial Punjab   Hindu patshalas,which taught mantras and basic knowledge of the shastras, Muslims Quran schools, and Sikhs educational institutions which taught the sacred text of Sikhism, the Granth ,and the Gurumukhi Script of the Punjabi language used by Sikhs. The stand read spoken language of north India in the British period was referred to interchangeably as Urdu, Hindi.Paul Brass, language, religion and politics in north India (Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 1974), 129 But its was written in different script: as Urdu was written in Persian script while Hindu community used it in Hindi for general communication purposes was generally written in Devanagri, also known as Nagri. as Urdu was incorporated various Arabic and Persian words while Hindi drew on Sanskrit was cited by Hindu nationalists as â€Å"proof† that Islam was foreign religion in India and there language should b e the language of country.Vickie Langhor, Colonial education system and spread of local religious movements; the cases of British Egypt and Punjab,(Cambridge university press,2005) 174 But it was the fact that Urdu language being used by Hindu community of north Indian. Till 1931 many Hindu in colonial Punjab were literate in Urdu instead of Hindi language. Before the partition of India, during the colonial Punjab Language and script become the major source of division among the major communities of as Hindus –Muslims and Sikhs.Ever since the beginning of the 11th century Northern India was remained under the Muslim rulers. During different periods different Muslims rulers ruled at different times and different dynasties spoke diverse languages as Afghans spoke Pushtu and Turks Turki and the Mughals spoke the Persian, Sikhs of the Punjab A Study of Confrontation and political mobilization, Dr Sarfraz Khawaja, (Islamabad, Pakistan: modern book dept, 1985) 41 As it was the fact that in the period of the later Mughals, Urdu and Persian both languages were the court languages.When British succeeded the subcontinent they continued the same languages as the court languages. Shan Muhammad, the growth of Muslim politics in india1900-1919 (New Delhi, shish publishing house, 1991) 35. These languages were understood, also spoke at large scale, but natives languages were also spoke by the native communities as Hindi, Punjabi Pahari Hindustani. In which Urdu and Hindi both languages were the mixture of native and foreign languages Two sides of one coin Hindi Urdu, or Urdu HindiAs Hindi and Urdu were two names of one language script differentiate between them it called Urdu when it written in perso-Arabic script (both languages were associated with Muslim community) and when written in the Nagari script (associated with Hindu community); there were some lexical and phrasal differences. Yet the two names for one language were frequently used for the same language and its literature segmented into parts largely on the basis of script and religions. S.Settar, Indira BaptistaGupta, Pangs of partition vol ?,(new Delhi: Manohar publisher,2002. ) 34. Punjabi Hindu community used Urdu language as the language of commerce, journalism and administration. Urdu language was also the major language of literary expression not only in Muslim community in Hindu community as well in British Punjab while Punjabi was the spoken language. Atamjit Singh, The languages divide in Punjab South Asian Graduate Research Journal, 9Achadmic of the Punjab new America) Volume 4, No. , spring 1997 Colonial government language policy in Bihar and its after effects Urdu was mixture of Persian, Arabic and Hindi Punjabi. As this spoken language soon become to be written in the Persian and Arabic languages language. Urdu gained the as official language status after the abolishment of the Persian language in various provinces of the northern India so at 1842 lord Lawrence confirme d that â€Å"the use of this language (Urdu) is rapidly spreading among all the ranks and is becoming a lingua Franca† Abid41Till the 2nd half of the 9th century Urdu not only became a dominate language but also symbol of Muslim influence and power But In 1837 Persian language had been replaced by Indian vernaculars and Urdu was introduced as the vernacular of ‘the vast tract of country known as Hindustani language, not only in Bihar and NWP and portions of central as well, However Government did not want personalized Urdu to be used as the vernacular. An order of 19 April 1839 declared:The pleading and proceedings be recorded in lucid intelligible Oordoo, and that the natives ministerial officers†¦ do not merely alternate a hindoostanee for a Persian verb at the end of sentence†¦ Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan,(Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 62 As various colonial officers discourage again and again Urdu language they were in the favo r to accepting Hindi as the vernacular language of the Hindustani people’s. The director of public instruction stated in his report:    Indo-Persian of the courts has no raisond’etre except as a remnan and reminiscence of mahomedan sovereignty Abid 62.In 1872 sir Gorge Cambell, Lieutenant Governor of Bihar, approved order in which Urdu replaced by Hindi language in the courts of the province and this order was strictly imposed in 1880 by Sir Ashley Eden. Abid 62. As Hindi language was not pure one language but the blend of the many natives’ dialects of north India in its widest perspective it could be assumed that Hindi language spoken in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and the Colonial Punjab. Dr Sarfraz Khawaga, Sikhs of the Punjab A study of confrontation and political mobilization, (Islamabad: Modern book depot, 1985. 43. As Hindi language had written in Nagari or Devengri script. The Nagri or Devangri alphabet originated sometime in the 11th century AD. initially developed to write Sanskrit it later modified to write   with several other languages. The name Devangri is made up of two Sanskrit words: Deva, which means god, Brahman or celestiai and nagari, which means city. The name is variously translated as ‘script of the city’, ‘heavenly/sacred script of the city’ or [script of the] city of the god or priests’.So for Hindu community Hindi language purged of all Persian and Arabic accretion which served to remind them of Muslim community ascendancy, As Devanagri script had a religious importance for Hindu community since it was the character which Brahmans used and in which Sanskrit books were written. So due to the religious association Hindu community insist to colonial government in various provinces that Urdu written in Persian script must be replaced by the Hindu with its Devanagari script.To fulfill their demand they presented the reason that: (Urdu language was an amal gam of Persian and Arabic languages -and it -and it was forced upon us by our former rulers†¦but it was by no means accepted by the peoples at large†¦no Hindu gentlemen would ever condescend to educate his female in    Urdu language and Persian because the books written   in   these languages are usually obscene. Report by the north western province and qudh provincial committee of education commission, (1884) ,   490. quated by Dr Sarfaz Khawaja op. cit, 72.Pro Hindi –script activities of Hindu community and Muslim response Pro Hindi agitation traveled from Bihar to the other provinces due to the two main reasons as: first when British replaced the Urdu language with Hindi language this decision provide the courage to the Hindu community due to this decision later Bengali Hindu community started protest in Bengal. Secondly then when Fateh chand established committees to press for Hindi language. Pro-Hindi movement quickly spread in    Hindu community of t he north colonial Indian.Then pro Hindi agitation travelled from Bihar, Bengal to other provinces such as NWFP. There was quashed manifestation occurred: a failure to introduce Devanagari in the colonial Punjab and NWFP. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah India-partition-independence (New Delhi: Rupa publisher, 2009. ) 41 Muslim reaction towards Urdu Hindi controversy in colonial Punjab Enforcement of Hindi language became a cause for grievance amongst major religious communities as Hindus and Muslims in various parts of indo-Pak Subcontinent. But in colonial Punjab arose for the very first time in 1882.Paul R. Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India (London :Cambridge university press,1974),287 The demand of substitute of Hindi language in davanagri script for Urdu in Persian script in colonial Punjab by urban Hindu community was not only cause the Hindu – Muslim communal conflict. But pro-Hindi campaign, Devanagri script form   Punjabi Hindu community    and   protec tive activities of Punjabi Muslim community for   Urdu language was pushed the both religious communities to protect and promote interest of their own communities.

Children`s early learning Essay

Key research findings which show the importance of parental involvement in their children`s learning in their early years, including fathers involvement have shown that parents are the child`s first educators and role models and have a strong influence on their learning. When a parent either mum or dad is actively involved in their child`s education this has a positive effect on the child`s achievement. If a parent takes interest in their child`s education by talking with them, monitoring homework, actively involved in school activities, attending parents evening, then the child will have the chance to achieve their full potential as they will have the best support. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky pointed out the importance of talking especially when an adult helps a child in problem solving. This showed that a child can achieve more if they have the help and support and skills from someone rather than left to their own devices. Within the early years, The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) (Sylva et al 2004) did a study of development of around 3,000 children between the ages of 3-7, research found that parents actively involved with reading, numbers and learning letters helped reduce the risk of special educational needs (SEN).The EPPE also found that parents who created regular opportunities for their children to play with friends at home and taking their children out were all associated with higher intellectual and social behaviour.

Followers and Leaders of Animal Farm

Animals on Manor Farm over throw their mean and evil rulers who have overworked and mistreated them. Once the animals get control over the farm they set up slogans and rules the animals must follow in order to have equality and justice on the new farm.The farm is mainly ran by the pigs, who are considered the most intelligent, and also the two main ruler pigs named Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon uses dogs he took away as pups and trained them to follow his words and also uses them to chase Snowball off the farm. Now Napoleon has complete control over the farm along with the other pigs and the dogs.Napoleon’s number one pig who helps him run the farm the way he likes is named Squealer. Squealer is very persuasive and can manipulate any animal he needs to. The author of the book Animal Farm is named George Orwell and he wrote this story to have a allegorical representation of the Russian Revolution. Orwell shows in this piece of writing that both leaders and followers in a soci ety can act in ways that destroy certain rights such as freedom and equality. One of the followers name is Boxer and this horse believes that everything the pigs say about napoleon is always right.Overall, Napoleon’s right hand pig, Squealer, uses persuasive wording and powerful speeches to manipulate other animals on the farm that Napoleon is always right. In Animal Farm one of the leaders name is Squealer and he is a pig who is very persuasive.The text states, â€Å"The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white. † (pg:16) When George Orwell describes Squealer as being able to â€Å"turn black into white†, he is in fact referring to Squealer's persuasive skill. In other words, Squealer has enough persuasive talent to be able to convince the animals in Animal Farm that black is white or vice-versa.Squealer uses his wonderful way of talking persuasively towards the other animals on the farm. When Squealer does this he is being manipulative words to make the animals think what he wants them to.This effects the equality on the farm because the animals may not realize that they are being cheated out of their rights they originally fought for when they ran the original farm hands off the farm. Squealer’s persuasion is powerful because he influences the animals into thinking only positive ideas about Napoleon. This shows that Squealer is very manipulative and takes advantage of his power of manipulation.Squealer keeps his power throughout the novel is by staying as an important aspect to Napoleon. Napoleon uses Squealer to go out and persuade the animals on the farm that the pigs aren’t doing anything wrong or against the rules. This is very relevant to the story because if Napoleon didn’t have Squealer to help him run the farm than Napoleon wouldn’t have too many supporters and without his supporters he wouldn’t have any power. In Animal Farm, Orwell chose the characteristics of the animals t o allegorically represent people or groups from the Russian Revolution.Napoleon plays Stalin who was a cruel ruler who used military tactics to enforce his rules. This overall represents how in Animal Farm Orwell used all of the characters to have an allegorical meaning. Squealer is a representation of the Propaganda Department, and Napoleon represents the Russian Revolutions cruel leader. Squealer’s overall goal is to persuade all of the animals to becoming loyal to Napoleon like how the propaganda department was a way of persuading the people of the Soviet Union to become loyal to Stalin.Squealer is reaching his goal one by one and gains support every time he talks to the animals. Next, in Animal Farm one of the animals who follow Napoleon and Squealer’s words is a very strong and hardworking horse named Boxer. At first, things seem to be going well. He's a hard worker, making â€Å"I will work harder† into his personal motto (ch-3). He's a brave fighter, and the narrator tells us that, during the Battle of the Cowshed, â€Å"the most terrifying spectacle of all was Boxer, rearing up on his hind legs and striking out with his great iron-shod hoofs like a stallion† (ch-4).But it's not enough to keep him safe. At the beginning of the novel, Old Major warns Boxer that he's disposable: â€Å"the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power, Jones will send you to the knacker, who will cut your throat and boil you down for the fox-hounds† (ch-1). Boxer can see that—but once Jones is forced off the farm, Boxer thinks the threat is gone. He's just not smart enough to see that he's got a whole new species to worry about. Boxer worries about the farm, but he's not smart enough to figure things out on his own.Instead of thinking for himself, he decides to be loyal no matter what—to follow the Party (as in, Communist Party) line. Like, after Snowball is sent into exile, Boxer tries to think things over for himself, but all he can come up with is, â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right,† and he takes up a new personal motto: â€Å"Napoleon is always right† (ch-5). Boxer is one of the animals who is easily persuaded and this is why the pigs think of him as a powerful disciple. Boxer absorbs everything the pigs tell him.Boxer would work so hard that it would influence the other animals to want to start and work also. This is not a good thing that is happening because when they are working on different projects on the farm they are taking orders from Napoleon and if they do that than there isn’t equality because this means that Napoleon is of a higher authority. If Napoleon is a higher rank in the social class than there isn’t equality. Boxer does not realize that he is giving up his freedom and he certainly doesn’t know that he is causing the other animals to also.He doesn’t realize this because all he does is follow Napoleons rules and work as hard as he can. Boxer motivates the other animals to work harder when the animals see him trying so hard to work. Boxer’s behavior is not typical of the animals on Animal Farm because he doesn’t ever question Napoleon like some of the other followers on the farm have. Also Boxer is not like the other animals because even though he is a follower he influenced other animals to follow in his footsteps and work harder.This shows that because Boxer is listening to Squealer he worked harder and that influences the other animals to work but also to give away their right to freedom and equality. In Conclusion, Napoleon’s second in command, also known as Squealer, persuades the animals on Animal Farm into thinking he is a wonderful leader. One of Squealer’s followers is a very work dedicated horse named Boxer. The author of this story is name Orwell and his purpose of writing this piece was to have the allegorical purpose of symbolism of the Russian R evolution.Orwell may have written this as a warning to the readers about how human behavior is when they get to much power. When someone gets too much power it goes to their head and they can’t function like they use to and may make bad decisions. From this novel the reader has learned that society is always adjusting itself. Not every situation is perfect nor can one expect perfection. However, the reader also learned that people have morals by which they hold themselves. Any leader who pushes his morals upon a group does not deserve power.

Criminal Justice Research Paper

1. Fred is drunk and driving his dad's car. Fred is a 21 year old student at Columbia College. Fred rams into a parked car at 10th and Rogers. Thinking no one saw him; Fred moves his car and parks it on an adjacent lot. He sprints to his dorm room in Miller Hall. A neighbor saw the wreck and Fred running to the dorm. Police are called and they arrive ten minutes after the wreck. The officers see several empty beer cans and a bottle of tequila (half full) in the front seat. The tags are traced to Fred's dad, who is called by police. Dad says that Fred is a student at Columbia College.Police run Fred's record and determine that he has two prior DWIs within the past five years. The third DWI in 10 years is a felony. Police contact Columbia College security who leads them to Fred's dorm. Fred is passed out, so security lets them in. The officers smell intoxicants, give Fred some Field Sobriety tests (he fails) and confirm that he was driving the car. Fred is arrested for DWI. It is his t hird offense, a felony under Missouri law. Fred is given a breath test, which registers at . 13 on the scale. During the processing of his arrest paperwork, the officers searchFred's possessions which he brought to the station, and a small quantity of cocaine is found in Fred's pocket. Fred is charged with DWI, leaving the scene, and possession of cocaine. What issues do you see? How should they be resolved? (50 points) First of all this, is a legal arrest. A neighbor saw the wreck and Fred running to the dorm. That is sufficient in itself to establish probable cause to arrest Fred for leaving the scene of an accident. The follow-up police investigation added more factors to establish probable cause to arrest for DUI and leaving the scene.A prosecuting ttorney will present evidence that a) Fred has no alibi for the time and date the crime occurred, b) he left evidence at the scene and in his vehicle, c) he failed the Field Sobriety Tests, d) he blew a . 13 on the breathalyzer, e) an d he has past records of DWI, and f) he was found to have possession of cocaine. The prosecuting attorney uses this series of specific examples to prove Fred committed the crimes. There would be an issue of whether it was legal for the security guard to give access to Fred's room. This issue would be resolved because it is totally legal for security uard to give access due to exigent circumstances. . Cole County deputies obtain a search warrant for Mike's trailer for controlled substances. The warrant was based upon information provided by an informant, some officer corroboration, and the fact that Mike has a past record for drug offenses. The deputies execute the warrant. As it turns out, Mike has no past record for drugs, the court clerk made an error. This means the warrant will be found lacking in probable cause by the appellate court. While executing the warrant, they observe large quantities of controlled substances, which they seize. While they are executing the warrant a man drives up and knocks on the door.The officers detain the man during the search. The dog accompanying the officers begins to bark at the man's trunk. The officers open the trunk and see large trash bags with a substance which smells and looks like marijuana. This man (Larry) is arrested for possession ot marijuana. Mike is charged witn possession ot a controlled substance. Are the drugs admissible in Court against Mike? Why or why not? What about Larrys case, are the drugs admissible? Why or why not? (50 points) Whether this search is legal or not depends on the exact circumstances under which it was conducted.In a situation like this, the police have the authority to stop and detain anyone coming to or leaving the residence as they arrive to execute the search warrant. Once you are lawfully detained, they have the right to conduct at least a pat down search for officer safety purposes. If the drugs were found as a result of the pat down search, there is no doubt that it was a legal search and seizure. Whether they could go further than a simple pat down would depend on other factors, such as conversation between the cops and the etainee, as well as other activity in the immediate vicinity and possibly even statements by other people at the scene.Determining for sure whether there are grounds to object to the search and seizure requires review of all of the reports regarding the case. Depending on the nature and quantity of the drugs seized, this could possibly be a serious case. In any event, the person involved should consult with a criminal defense attorney or, if he cannot afford private counsel, with the public defender if he is charged. Officer had probable cause to affect a traffic stop after he observed defendant ollowing too closely.Defendant's and passenger's behavior after stop provided reasonable suspicion to expand the detention, and a positive drug dog sniff provided basis for search of vehicle. I'm not aware of reason that the interpretation of the 4th Amendment would be any different in Oklahoma than it is in any other state. All states have to follow the US Supreme Court's decisions on 4th Amendment issues. It would be true that once an officer has conducted a pat down search and determined that there are no weapons, he is not allowed to go further in searching without either consent or a warrant.On the other hand, it is not the law anywhere that such a search must be limited to the feel of a gun. Any object which might possibly be used as a weapon can be retrieved during a pat down search. Whether retrieval of a bag of dope from the suspect's pocket would go beyond the allowable scope of the pat-down search would still depend on the totality of the circumstances, including what the bag of dope felt like (for example, was it a hard object that could be a weapon or a soft plastic baggie). There is another issue, as well.If this person is leaving a place for which a search arrant has been issued, the police already have a reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity which would Justity a detention beyond a simple pat- down and identification. What else is said and done by others at the scene (cops and suspects) and what is found in the search may Justify extending the detention of the person who was leaving as a possible suspect in drug sales or possession. The search you asked about occurred under similarly exigent circumstances, the evidence was easily disposable and the intrusion was very limited.So, it seems to e, the evidence seized under the circumstances you described would still be admissible. 3. Kyle and Mel are detectives in the property crimes unit. They are investigating a case of leaving the scene of an accident. The victim's car suggested an impact on the right front bumper of victim's car. While canvassing a neighborhood on another matter, Mel sees a car parked in a garage. The garage is attached to the house, but the door is open. The car shows physical damage to the left rear quarter panel with smudges similar to those on victim's car.